[7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Section D. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. However, despite substantial investments and subsidies, State Farms provided only 4.2% of the cereal production in 198889. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . . Due to physical, economic and social factors the. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. As with many equatorial countries, the sun dictates time in Ethiopia. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . <i>Methods</i>. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. Abstract and Figures. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. The government's price controls and the AMC's operations had led to the development of different price systems at various levels. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. "National Statistical Abstract. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Ethiopia's development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the . Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. It was also estimated that over 60 percent of the cultivated area was cropland. Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Merkebu Getachew. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. "National Statistical Abstract. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. [7] As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. Washington, DC 20230. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). Agriculture in Ethiopia. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. [30] These tools includes sickle, pick axe, plough shaft, ploughshare, plow, beam and animal force as a machines. As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. ", Table D.2. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. 3. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. Agricultural production has been highly dependent on natural resources for centuries [].However, increased human population and other factors have degraded the natural resources in the country thus seriously threatening sustainable agriculture and food security [2, 3]. Grain is an essential part of the Ethiopian diet. Section D. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. Cookies on OCLC websites. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. y's natural potential, the agricultural performance remains weak; high dependency on rain-fed Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. fINTENSIVE FARMING. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Most oilseeds are raised by small-scale farmers, but sesame was also grown by large-scale commercial farms before the era of land reform and the nationalization of agribusiness. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. [15], About 98 percent of the coffee was produced by peasants on smallholdings of less than a hectare, and the remaining 2 percent was produced by state farms. . There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. An estimated 85 percent of the . There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. (2013). Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. In the 1980s, as part of an effort to increase production and to improve the cultivation and harvesting of coffee, the government created the Ministry of Coffee and Tea Development (now the ECTA), which was responsible for production and marketing.
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