During the Middle Ages books had to be hand copied (time consuming and expensive) on parchment (goat skin). Wrote many pamphlets criticizing the Church and appealing to German Nationalism. a. This is just my advice, and you'll get other suggestions, but I might recommend something more like this: 1) Rome (3D), 2) Train somewhere less big than Florence, like Arezzo (in Tuscany). b. Nepotism: appointing of relatives to Church positions. Trenitalia Frecce operates a train from Milano Centrale to Firenze S.M.N. Called for meeting of a Diet in the city of Worms in 1521. b. The long-time center of the powerful Roman Empire, Rome boasts nearly 3,000 years of architecture, history, and culture. Leo X, originally Giovanni de' Medici, (born December 11, 1475, Florence [Italy]died December 1, 1521, Rome), one of the leading Renaissance popes (reigned 1513-21). 3.) Economic: "Jealousy of the Church's Wealth". Minority: Calvinist members of the French Middle Class. Works like this devout image contrast with the sensuality and luxury denounced by Savonarola. Medici patronage bankrolled the works of the architect Brunelleschi, sculptors Donatello and Ghiberti, and painters Masacchio, Sandro Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Paolo Uccello, Filippo Lippi, Piero della Francesca and Domenico Ghirlandaio, who explored three . These artists often filled in at leading workshops when extra assistants were needed for important commissions. In the Middle Ages, Latin was the language of literature, of the Church, and of educated people. 3. a. Worldliness: materialistic life of some Popes and higher clergy. 15th-century Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance. Day 2 - Milan city tour. b. Filippino Lippi, Italian, 1457 - 1504, The Coronation of the Virgin, c. 1475, oil and tempera (?) Because of this, Milan is known as Italy's "new" city and represents modern Italy. Essentially, the answer is "no": This was an intensely religious (catholic) republic, and Roman Gods would have been considered false idols prohibited by the church and bible. Lavish, even ostentatious, public display became more common, even as the fortunes of the city declined. In a city filled with artists, the busiest workshop in the later 1400s was that of Domenico Ghirlandaio. Locals devour lampredotto sarnies while glugging Chianti reds in hidden trattoria. Clear in the distant landscape are the Palazzo Vecchio, center of the city administration; Brunelleschi's huge cathedral dome; and the campanile designed by Giotto. It glorified the individual and approved worldly pleasures, viewing life as worthwhile for its own sake, not chiefly as a preparation for the life to come (salvation). One of the early architectural achievements of the Renaissance was the massive dome on the Florence Cathedral. b. Dominated French literature as its leading comic dramatist. b. His plays employed a dramatic technique to probe historical events and human character. a. Italian who studied the classics and wrote in both Italian and Latin. In this period, which we call the Early Renaissance, Florence is not a city in the unified country of Italy, as it is now. Investment in culture, including the patronage of artists and architects and the purchase of books and manuscripts, became a fundamental expression of the Medicis aristocratic way of life; it was continued by Cosimos son, Piero, and his grandson, Lorenzo (dubbed the Magnificent). And, by the end of the centuryfor the first time since antiquitysome art was being made simply "for art's sake." The poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who is buried in Piazzale Donatello, the small English cemetery, noted that the city was cheap, tranquil, cheerful and beautiful. The Horne Museum, near Santa Croce, and the Stibbert Museum, in the north, are examples of houses and collections left by foreigners to their adopted city. It was ruled by the powerful Medici Family who used their money to support artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. The scene's relevance was enhanced by its contemporary costumes and other familiar details. Among the most famous of the city's cultural giants are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dante, Machiavelli, Galileo, and its most-renowned rulers, generations of the Medici family. The new economic system, _____, emerged in its early phase in the 15th century. b. b. Henry converted to Catholicism: political com promise to gain control of Paris. He discovered that revolutions were not circles but were ovals. Essay by Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, Posted 9 years ago. She was married to Henry after the death of Anne Boleyn. Cosimo de' Medici. 1. What is Pope Pius II remembered as? Renaissance painting emphasized realism, attention to detail, and a desire for perfection. 2. Stay in a nice B&B there for a few days. d. Never published the results of his experimentation. c. He also said that they should forbid interference by the Pope in the affairs of their own states. b. Chaucer used English in his collection of stories in verse, the Canterbury Tales. Later Renaissance painters also employed a realistic style and continued to recreate Biblical themes. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. b. Marital alliances of Medici family members with members of the French nobility include those of Catherine de Mdici, queen of Henry II and later regent of France; Grand Duke Ferdinand I, who married Christine of Lorraine; and Marie de Mdicis, who married King Henry IV of France. His popularity rested on the conventional piety of his images, his direct and forthright style, and his high standards of craftsmanship. a. Rome is only two hours away from Florence by train, which you can catch at the Santa Maria Novella station and that will lead you to the Roma Termini train station, basically in the center. True. Rome is a breathtaking concentration of history, art, and charm every corner could fill your eyes, your camera, and your typical American romantic comedy. He expressed skepticism toward accepted beliefs, condemning superstition and intolerance and urging people to live nobly. Then the resolution in 1266 of a bitter strife between two internal factions oriented respectively toward papal (Guelf) and imperial (Ghibelline) protection resulted in victory for a group of Guelf merchant families in the city (as well as the exile in 1302 of Florences greatest poet, Dante Alighieri). (In this way they were completely different from labor unions of today The Arti were similar to organizations like Stock Market Traders of today.) Stay in a nice B&B there for a few days. They underwrote the accomplishments that are now singled out with the term Renaissance, and their palaces came to dominate the city as fully as the church buildings in which they established their family chapels. 2. a. Cranmer called together a Church Court. b. Hotel for 3 nights in Rome. If they did, it was in a private manner. b. Individual rulers would decide which religion his people would follow. a. Luxury goods bought in the Levant, such as spices, dyes, and silks, were imported to Italy and then resold throughout Europe. Milan. Lorenzo di Credi, Italian, c. 1457/1459 - 1536, Madonna and Child with a Pomegranate, 1475/1480, oil on panel, Samuel H. Kress Collection, 1952.5.65. Devised pumps and canals: attempted to discover the scientific principle behind waves. It is often difficult to distinguish the work of the master from that of talented assistants whose individual styles were not yet fully developed. Twelfth Night and Midsummer Night's Dream. This yearning to close the gap between human existence and the divine was a frequent Neoplatonic theme. By the time this work was made, however, the emphasis had shifted. You may be tempted to rush through Rome in fewer days. 1632: Galileo published his Dialogue on the Two Great Systems of the World. His strict rule came to an end in 1498, but with it closed a phase of Florentine greatness. Train from Rome to Florence. Ludovico negotiated with both Italian and non-Italian powers in order to protect himself from the danger posed by Naples, but the most fateful of his dealings were with the king of France, Charles VIII (1483 98). 7. He attracted many followers, including, it seems, Botticelli, who abandoned mythological subjects. Among the earliest city-states of Italy, that already started to emerge in the 7th century, were the Duchy of Naples, Duchy of Amalfi, Gaeta and the Republic of Venice which, although nominally under Byzantine control, were effectively independent. b. Henry wanted to marry a younger woman, Anne Boleyn. John the Baptist was the patron saint of Florence, and we see him here before the city skyline. Sculpture Garden 1. B. It recognized the King not the Pope as the head of the Church in England. 1. Rome to Florence train takes you north through Italy's scenic Lazio and Tuscany regions. This broke up the old alliance of Milan, Naples, and Florence, while the death of Lorenzo the Magnificent of Florence in 1492 removed an influence for peace. Perhaps because they had a different manifestation of government? * Inexpensive printed materials afforded all people opportunities for literacy & learning,and encouraged talented people to write. Florence saw itself as the ideal city state, a place where the freedom of the individual was guaranteed, and where many citizens had the right to participate in the government (this must have been very different than living in the Duchy of Milan, for example, which was ruled by a succession of Dukes with absolute power). The Medici's (especially Lorenzo the Magnificent, 1469-1492) became outstanding patrons of Renaissance Art. But the colors differ from Leonardos subdued palette, and the landscape lacks his fanciful mountains. Impact: printing tremendously increased output and accuracy and decreased the cost. The Arti included seven major guilds (collectively known as the arti maggiori), five middle guilds (arti mediane) and nine minor guilds (arti minori). a. In the late fifteenth century, Florence had more woodcarvers than butchers, suggesting that art, even more than meat, was a necessity of life. 1. Rearing horses in the background, for example, appear to reflect the colossal horses of the Dioscuri. (Such an unambiguous pursuit of power by leaders at this time was given codification in 1513 by Niccol Machiavelli in his treatise The Prince.) e. In painting he is best known for his Self Portrait, The Last Supper, and the Mona Lisa. 1450: printing with movable type was invented by a German, Johan Gutenberg. It began with the rediscovery of Greco-Roman Civilization which had been neglected during the Middle Ages. In the mid-1460s, Leonardo's family moved to Florence, which at the time was the centre of Christian Humanist thought and culture. Whoever the client of Renaissance art, they . Its streets formed a pattern of rectangular blocks, with a central forum, a temple to Mars, an amphitheatre, and public baths. We are closed on December 25 and January 1. The volume on display is a . b. This painting is based on the Book of Tobit which tells the story of Tobit of Nenevah. As the 1400s progressed, however, patrons became increasingly interested in personal fame and worldly prestige. Protestant: a Christian who is not of the Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox faiths. c. Simony: selling appointments to Church offices. Lorenzo escaped to the sacristy, remaining there while the Pazzi partisans attempted to seize the government. The city generally declined under prolonged Medici rule, a process that was marked only by the extended reign of Cosimo III (16701723) and the end of the family with the death of his son, Gian Gastone. 1.) A. Religious revolt against the authority and certain doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. The Florentine people feared the loss of liberty and respect for individuals that was the pride of their Republic. All of this said, classical stories from antiquity were often used as inspiration and subject-matter for paintings. c. The Prince: major work on ethics and government describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong and accept the philosophy that. It also provided for frequent changes of office to ensure that no group or individual could get control of the state; thus, the nine priors who constituted the Signoria (the governmental body) were each elected for a mere two months. The Tithe: too heavy a burden for the people; also, a constant flow of money out of the country to the Papacy. Florentia (The Flourishing Town) was founded in 59 bce as a colony for soldiers of the armies of Rome and was laid out as a rectangular garrison town (castrum) below the hilltop Etruscan town of Faesulae. Following a Napoleonic interlude, Leopold II of Habsburg was the last outside ruler (182459). During the 12th and 13th centuries the economic and political power of the city grew steadily.
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